How Negative Reinforcement Dog Training is Detrimental For People with Mental Illness

Trigger Warning: This post contains descriptions of what may be considered by some people to be violence to an animal and a description of what the experience of PTSD is like, which both may trigger PTSD or traumatic memories. 

Most of us have heard that in order to train a dog, the "owner" needs to be the dominant one, "leader of the pack." Most trainers use negative reinforcement (causing discomfort to the dog to get it to do what you want) and insist that it does not hurt the dog, it just shows who is in charge. This means you yank on the dog, may use shock collars, yell "no!," use choke collars, some pushing or even swatting, and electric fences. Most dogs I know are trained this way and it is a decision that the owner needs to make as to what training method they want to use. There are articles and books all over the place that argue the benefits or disadvantages of both negative reinforcement training and positive reinforcement training. (Positive reinforcement is rewarding for good behavior.) Feel free to look them up and make your own decision. I am not a dog trainer so will not claim to know what is best for the dog. (I will say that I will never use anything other than positive reinforcement clicker training with my dogs as I do know dogs who have become more aggressive using the other methods.) I will give you advice though for what I think is best for a person with mental illness who is a dog owner and/or a possible Psychiatric Service Dog handler.

Positive Reinforcement Materials

I do not believe negative reinforcemnt training is appropriate for dog handlers who have mental illness. Many of us with mental illness have trauma in our backgrounds and training a dog with negative reinforcment means using methods that, even if you argue are safe for the dog and they like it, is still technically hurting another living being. Asking us to do this is extremely traumatic, whether or not people say it is "proven" that it really does not hurt the dog. For those who have expereinced trauma, even what other people consider "moderate violence" is a trigger for us. For instance, I can not watch slapstick humor like The Three Stooges. Other people find that funny, but I find it so upsetting that I can't even look at it and it triggers a Post Traumatic Stress Disorder response. This is what can happen to us if we are asked to use negative reinforcment with our dogs. Let me give you an example.

I went to a dog store and Rosie is still learning to be calm when greeting other dogs. When she saw the owners dogs, she immediately started jumping around, bowing to the other dog to say she wanted to play, barking, and pulling on her leash. The well meaning owner, wanting to help me, took the leash from me and told me I had to be forceful to train her. So he yanked on Rosie's leash, yelling no,  which yanked Rosie up into the air dangling from her leash with her front feet off the ground. Her ears went back, her tail went between her legs, and she was scared. She stopped barking and playing, and the person was explaining that this was showing Rosie how she was supposed to act. He pulled, yelled at, and yanked on my dog until I got what I needed and left. At one point he even put the leash in my hand with his hand over mine and yanked on her leash to get Rosie to know that I was in charge. He was very nice and helpful and to him, and most trainers and owners, he was doing the right thing. He was NOT trying to be mean or hurt my dog.

However, to see Rosie dangling in the air by her back (fortunately not her neck because we use a halter rather than attach the leash to her collar,) was extremely traumatic for me. I was shaking the whole time, felt sick, and was scared. I could not speak up for myself to even ask him not to handle Rosie. Not only did it make Rosie scared of him, but I was scared of him as well.

When we got into the car I could not drive because I was crying so hard. Not only could I not get the scared look and body language of Rosie out of my mind, but I felt disgusted that he had shown Rosie that I would yank on her and hurt her by putting the leash in my hand and making me pull on it. I was a wreck and my son was scared seeing Rosie handled aggressively.

For me, this was hurting another living being who is trusting me for their care, who clearly was scared and hurt by what was happening to her. I looked into her face and saw fear and was so immobilized with fear myself that I let it happen to her. There is no describing not only how terrible it is to watch pain being inflicted on someone else in order to control them, but to also be part of that process. Every time I think about that event, I see my son afraid and the picture of Rosie's fear and pain over and over in my head.

Due to the trauma background of many people with mental illness, I do not advise negative reinforcement training. Even without trauma, we tend to be more sensitive to feelings and aggression than other people and it is really not safe for us to interact with our dogs in this way.

So what kind of training do I recommend? Positive reinforcement such as clicker training where you capture good behavior and reward for that. To see the difference between negative and positive reinforcement, check out this video by Kikopup. (Don't be misled by the title.) She has great training videos for any issue you have.
Blessings,

Rev. Katie

Service Dog Saves the Day

Rosie, my Psychiatric Service Dog in Training, helped me immensely today and I don't even know if she meant to. Part of my treatment plan includes exercising and I had just gotten back to it on Monday and was supposed to go again this morning. All of my muscles were sore from Monday's workout and I had not slept well so when it came time to wake up, neither my husband or son could convince me to get up and get to CrossFit.

My husband sent Rosie in to see me. She curled up with me on the bed and I was content to sleep the morning away with her. But then she started being a bit wiggly and waking me up. Then she put her paws on me and slowly crawled her way up to my pillow and pushed me aside as she took over my pillow. She has never done this before. She usually just sleeps next to me or at the foot of the bed. I don't know if she just really wanted a pillow today or if in some way she knew I needed to wake up, but she succeeded in getting me up in time for the last workout of the morning. Had she jumped up on the bed, barked, and been hyper, I would have gotten upset and put her out of the bedroom. Instead she slowly woke me up, which is always the way I need to be woken up since I have a really hard time with the loud noise of an alarm and waking up quickly. A frantic wake up tends to make me very anxious and a wreck the whole day.



Rosie is still so early in her training and she does not even know her tasks yet, but somehow she manages to help me in the ways I need it most without even knowing she is supposed to do it. My illness definitely has been better and easier to treat having Rosie in our life now.

Without Rosie I would have missed a workout which would have led to a less stable mood and a slide into a bad day that could have carried on all week. Instead she helped me treat my illness so that I have a chance at a better life.
I love life with a service dog.

Blessings,

Rev. Katie

Rosie: Service Dog Helping with Dementia

This is a blog post that is also on my other blog Moving in With Dementia, which is about caring for my Mom who as Lewy Body Dementia.

About four months ago we adopted a puppy who we are training to be my Psychiatirc Service Dog. While this training can take years, and our puppy Rosie is still just trying to learn how to contain her puppy energy, I find her to be an amazingly intuitive service dog. I have had many dogs over my lifetime but few have been so in tune with the emotional needs of the people around them as Rosie is, and she is just in the first few months of training.

Today we had a family party and we were able to have Mom over to our house. Rosie was in her crate for the beginning of the party and after everyone arrived, I let her out. We had about twenty people in the house and instead of saying "hello" to the people that were in the room she was in, Rosie instead went directly to see my Mom. A person she has only met twice.

Rosie was so attached to my Mom that my Aunt thought Rosie must have lived with my parents before we moved into our new house. She assumed Rosie knew Mom and missed her. Rosie was jumping up on my Mom, trying to get into the Broda chair with her. While this was not the best choice for Rosie because she was too hyper, her instincts were correct.

Rosie somehow knows to "ground" people when they are injured or hurting. This is a deep pressure therapy where the weight of the dog helps to calm the person who is anxious. Rosie's instinct is to lay herself on top of people to help make them feel safe and comforted. "Grounding" will be a Psychiatiric Service Dog task that Rosie will be able to do, gently, on command but right now she does it in her hyper puppy way becasuse she just wants to help other people.

Rosie "grounding" me.

I am continually amazed at the connection that animals have to us. I can't believe how Rosie knew, out of a houseful of twenty people who were in separate rooms, to go straight to the person who needed the most love and care. I felt so proud of Rosie today and her ability to help others. I also felt a great connection with Mom as she and I always cared for our dogs together throughout our lives. Rosie trying to take care of Mom was, for me, kind of another way that Mom and I are still connected despite the fog of dementia that keeps getting thicker and thicker. I am glad my puppy can see through the fog even better than most people can.

Blessings,

Rev. Katie

Intuitive Service Dog

My Psychiatric Service Dog in Training, Rosie, is still full of puppy energy and just learning the basics of being a manageable dog. We have not even started her therapy task training and we can't really take her out in public much because she still barks at every dog she sees, but she seems to intuitively have a knack for being a psychiatric service dog.

Rosie has been very helpful to me lately, especially when my husband was in India for eight days and I was struggling a lot. She just seems to sense when I am manic or depressed and helps me out. When I am manic she usually sits right on my lap in order to help calm me down. She instinctively knows how to ground me. The weight of her body calms me down and she distracts me from my manic thoughts and behaviors.

When I am sad she licks me. Dog's lick for many different reasons but it seems telling to me that Rosie licks me when I am sad and dogs learn to lick from their mothers. It was a way to survive, a way for the mother to get the puppy breathing after it was born. When Rosie licks me she is showing me affection and helping me survive. It is like she helps me breath again.

Then the other day I was sitting on the floor doing the meridian work (meridians are channels that bio-energy flow through in your body and certain meridian points are acupressure points) my therapist had just taught me that day and Rosie came up and put her head in my lap. It was as if she knew that sitting with me would help me calm my system and balance the energy in my body.

Rosie helping me with my meridian work.

Rosie is very easy to train with all of her basic commands such as sit, place, etc... so I know her task training will be go well. Right now I am just hoping we can train her to be calm in public so I can have her with me all the time, which would be a huge help.

I have had dogs all my life and they have all helped me in many ways, but Rosie is the first one who seems to know exactly the right thing to do to help in the different stages of my illness.

Whenever I am having a hard time now, I go see Rosie or she comes to me, and that has made my mental illness a lot easier to handle.

Blessings,

Rev. Katie

Rosie: Getting a Psychiatric Service Dog

A while ago we came across information about Psychiatric Service Dogs (PSD's). You are probably most used to service dogs such as Seeing Eye Dogs, but over the years they have found that dogs can be trained to assist with all kinds of disabilities.

Psychiatric Service Dogs assist people with whatever disability comes with their particular mental illness. For instance, people with schizophrenia who hear voices can train their dog to check rooms for them or alert them if someone else is around them. If the dog does not see or hear something, then the person (the dog's handler), knows that what they heard or saw was not real. PSD's can ground someone who has Post Traumatic Stress Disorder when they have a dissassociative flashback or can awaken them during night terrors. PSD's can stop people who self mutilate by pawing at them until they stop the behavior. Often psychiatric medications make you forgetful and if you don't take your medication you can have severe side effects so your dog can be trained to bring you your medication. Your dog can be trained to awaken you when you can't awaken due to medication side effects or deep depression. A PSD can ground you and provide tasks that decrease anxiety enough so that a person can have a job and function every day. PSD's can even alert you to a panic attack or manic episode before they happen. These are just a few of the things Psychiatric Service Dogs can do but basically, they help you live your life with your disability.

Once we found out what PSD's could do we decided that getting one would be a good option for me, especially since I have such a hard time with medications.

Getting and training a PSD is not all that easy. Typically with many other types of service dogs, you can get a dog who has already been trained from an organization. There are places that train service dogs such as Seeing Eye Dogs, Autism Service Dogs, and there are even organizations that provide Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with PSD's but other than that, most Psychiatric Service Dogs are trained by their handler with the assistance of a dog trainer and someone who specializes in training dogs to do PSD tasks.

From my experience and with the resources we have, here are the basic steps to getting started with a PSD:

1. Talk to you Psychiatrist and/or Psychologist. As with all types of service dogs, you must have a disability in order for you to have a service dog. If you have a disability, your doctor will wright a letter stating that you have a disability and are in need of a service dog. You will keep this in your files, but you do not need to carry your doctors order with you as it is illegal to ask for proof that you need a service dog.
2. Find a basic dog trainer who uses positive reinforcement training, most often Clicker Training. Do NOT use a trainer who uses yelling, shock collars, or other forms of negative reinforcement. This trainer will help train the basics, socialization, and the Canine Good Citizen Class. 
3. Find someone in your area who does PSD task training or find online resources for PSD task training that your regular trainer can help you with. Make sure your trainer knows how to train a dog for all the basic service dog requirements like potty on command, tucking their tail while inside, how to sit under a chair or table, etc...
4. Find a dog.  There are many ways you can find a dog appropriate for a PSD but the best thing to do is have a dog temperament tested by a vet behaviorist. I would suggest finding a rescue dog that has gone through a basic training program and has passed Canine Good Citizen so you know they are trainable and they will be a bit older, past the puppy phase, which is really hard to handle. Just because the dog took well to basic training though does not mean the dog will be a good service dog so you need your trainer to check the dog out. For instance, we have a dog already who was trained in a prison program. She is a fantastic dog who learns really quickly but I could not use her as a service dog not only because she is too old already, but because she was abused and is very anxious. Her anxiety makes her very scared in certain public situations, causes her a lot of stress in the car, and when I am manic, she hides from me, so she would not be able to help me when I needed her.
5. Start training, realizing it will probably take two years and if it does not work you have made a commitment to still keep your dog as a member of your family. 
6. Love your dog and create a great relationship with him or her.

Rosie, Psychiatric Service Dog in Training

Blessings,

Rev. Katie